A Digital-Financial Literacy Policy Framework to Prevent Online Gambling and Harm from Illegal Lending among Madrasah Students

Abstract

Mobile internet access among Indonesian adolescents creates plausible routes of exposure to online gambling (judi online, judol) and to unlicensed or predatory online lending (pinjaman online ilegal, pinjol), yet evidence specific to madrasah students remains limited. This article presents a normative policy analysis based on a purposive documentary study with a legal cut-off date of 19 October 2026. The corpus, inventoried in Table 1, comprises statutes and regulations, Ministry of Religious Affairs decisions, fatwas of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), outreach reports, and empirical and conceptual studies. The legal baseline is updated to KMA 450/2024 as amended by KMA 1503/2025, Law 1/2023, Law 1/2024, and Law 1/2026. A clause-level audit of the current curricular documents has not yet been completed, so the earlier assumption that digital-financial literacy competencies are absent is treated as a hypothesis to be audited, not as a finding. Using maqashid al-shari'ah and sadd al-dhara'i as normative lenses and the 4Cs typology as a conceptual risk classification, the article proposes a two-level framework: ministerial technical guidance with a mapped referral architecture, and proportionate madrasah-level measures comprising acceptable-use rules, teacher and counsellor preparation for supportive referral, and caregiver engagement. The framework is a proposal supported by documentary and normative analysis. It has not been field-tested, and its effectiveness, feasibility, acceptability, cost, and equity effects remain to be evaluated through staged piloting.

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